Imagine a system where staff not only use reflective practice as standard, but also share those light-bulb moments. Prof Michael Kelleher explains how it can work and why learning and development professionals are the perfect people to make it happen.
Reflection is an active process. It involves the examination of past experiences and gaining some conclusions that can inform future activities. Some professions, notably nursing and teaching, often build reflective practices into initial training in order to help establish them as a key component of professional activities.
Most of us, however, are rarely introduced to the concept as part of our personal or professional development. However, where there are business drivers to support new ways of working, it may be possible to introduce reflective practices that have long-term benefits to the organisation.
Case in point
In August 2003 there was a massive failure in the electricity distribution system in the USA. It had a significant impact on the Internet as primary and secondary servers lost their service and web sites across the world became unavailable. DTE Energy, the parent company of Detroit Edison, had introduced a programme of informal, but structured learning and staff were considering how they might respond more effectively in any similar future situations even whilst working to restore power to over 50 million USA and Canadian citizens.
Within 24 hours DTE was able to convene a meeting where it could examine the after action review (AAR) observations of key staff members. Those observations were combined into a collective lesson learned that will enable the company to plan for major training programme for such large-scale emergencies in the future.
After action reviews were introduced by the US Army to enable its units to adjust their actions on a daily basis in order to get the intended results. There is a good deal of evidence to show that public sector organisations in the USA take lessons learning very seriously since being developed by the Army many years ago and the practice is fairly wide spread.
Questions
An AAR is a slight misnomer as they can be applied during ongoing projects as well as after key activities. They involve asking a short series of questions that enable participants to reflect on their experiences. The questions are:
* What should have happened?
* What actually happened?
* What were the differences?
* What did we learn?
AARs are simple and do not take too much time although in their initial uptake it makes sense to facilitate the process ensuring participants do not jump naturally to the final stage before establishing the foundations for the lessons learned.
Undertaken by a team involved in an activity, they create a collective set of lessons learned that will enable the team to enhance the future performance of similar or related activities. However, if they are to help other teams, in other locations, or parts of the business then knowledge management practitioners have gained experience as to how they might be programmed so as to ensure an optimisation of the investment in time and effort to undertake the reflection in the first place.
