Creating a culture where people feel included is fundamental to a leader’s success and getting the best out of people. Changing behaviour that results in micro-inequalities can be hard when approached at a rational level because these behaviours stem from implicit associations and stereotypes – they need to be addressed using similar brain-based interventions.

The importance of self-awareness

Shifting beliefs works through exposing leaders to counter-stereotypes, self-awareness training and opportunities to examine their own assumptions and habits of thinking.

Other interventions include using priming, shifting behavioural norms and managing in-group membership. These can all be effective. These methods address the System 1, the intuitive associative brain, or they slow down thinking enough for System 2 to come on line.

An additional way to help leaders which is practical is to use a simple model to audit behaviour and mitigate unintended actions. We know people experience a sense of threat or reward in a number of social situations.

To help people remember these we created our CORE model. Focusing on behaviour which creates a sense of reward in the brain and avoiding those that create a sense of threat means leaders display more positive inclusive micro-messages and fewer micro-inequalities.

The CORE model

Neuroscience research has found that there are four social situations that trigger threat or reward reactions. They are:

• Certainty: our confidence that we know what the future holds
• Options: the extent to which we feel we have choices
• Reputation: our social ranking and understanding of our relative importance to others
• Equity: our sense of fairness.

These four elements activate either the ‘primary reward’ or the ‘primary threat’ circuitry of our brains. For example, a perceived threat to our sense of equity activates similar brain networks to a physical threat to ourselves.

In the same way, a perceived increase to our reputation activates the same reward circuitry as receiving a monetary reward. The reaction happens automatically and instantaneously and triggers our response before we’ve even had a chance to consider it rationally.

You’ll find that threats are flagged up more often than rewards as we apply the CORE model. This is because our brains are wired to prioritise responding to threats because avoiding threat is critical to our survival.

At work that means we need to offer many more rewards than you might expect in order to create a feel-good response. And one threat can undo the benefits of a number of reward offerings.

Using CORE to create inclusion

Using the CORE model is a simple way to remember how to make someone feel included and the behaviours to avoid because they signal exclusion.

In practice, it’s helpful to get leaders to generate their own examples which are relevant to their organisation.

Certainty

This is about ensuring people are in the loop, included in relevant communication and events. A micro-message which triggers exclusion is to leave someone off an email list or invitation to a key meeting.

Feeling they have the same information as others, are at the key meetings, and keeping people informed are all micro-behaviours which signal inclusion. Asking for the contribution of people who are quiet, actively seeking out the ideas of those who have dissenting views also signals both inclusion and a willingness to hear and acknowledge uniqueness.

Options

This is about giving people a choice. Asking people how they want to proceed, asking which course of action they prefer, giving people a sense of being in control, giving choices in how they do their job and make a contribution. These all signal inclusion and acceptance. Being micro-managed makes people feel they are not included and results in a sense they are not trusted. Giving people choices in their job signals you value them, their approach and unique contribution.

Reputation

This is about people’s relative standing, signalling they are seen as valuable. Micro-behaviours include praising their contribution, acknowledging and acting on their ideas, actively seeking out and engaging people with a different style or a different approach.

Micro-behaviours which boost a sense of social standing and create a reward for reputation include seeking different opinions, calling people by name, acknowledging their contribution, giving opportunities to learn new skills or be involved in key projects.

Reputation is also enhanced when people get to contribute: a positive micro-behaviour is to structure input to ensure there is recognition of a range of different opinions. For example, cross-department problem-solving teams with people from different backgrounds, experience levels and gender or teams taken from a cross section of the organisation, top to bottom.  Behaviours which lower reputation include public criticism, challenging social situations, interrupting, or even failing to laugh at someone’s joke.

Equity

When people feel there is an unequal distribution of or access to resources, information or acknowledgement they feel excluded and that they are being treated unfairly. Lack of resources or unequal resources including access to the leader, training and mentors all signal exclusion.

When a manager doesn’t explain their thinking or why they made a decision this can feel inequitable. Leaders often assume their rational for a decision is obvious but it rarely is and taking a moment to explain or linking a decision to a clear purpose contributes to feelings of inclusion.

Organisations and leaders who clearly articulate their purpose, their “why,” reduce feelings of exclusion and make their decisions more transparent.

Overall these CORE elements together add up to people feeling they belong, they are included, and that their uniqueness is also valued and wanted in the team. Adopting these micro-behaviours is simple once you know their impact. They create inclusive behaviour and more success.

Articulating micro-inequalities

CORE can also be a tool to help people call out micro-inequalities; it gives people a way of surfacing unconscious feelings and a language to describe what happened. This need to be able to raise issues around micro-messaging was important to our survey participants.

Here are a couple of the many comments we had. One woman well into her career said she had a need for “being able to address ‘issues’ as they happen without sounding as though you are defensive / moaning  – which can often give the other person more ‘ammunition’ to justify their behaviour” and another younger woman said she wished she was “able to address ‘issues’ openly and normalise the discussion i.e. ‘not a woman’s issue’.”

Leadership skills

Help leaders to ‘audit’ and monitor their own behaviours and the habits they have developed which may be sending unintended messages.

Leaders who want to encourage a sense of belonging and acknowledge uniqueness should pay attention to the micro-messages they send themselves, and those exhibited by team members.

The same circuitry that picks up on negative micro-behaviours is also highly attuned to positive gestures, so an aware leader can redress negativity, and role-model the desired behaviour, in powerfully subtle ways:

• Pull out the chair when a team member you want to acknowledge comes into the room.
• ‘Welcome’ a junior team member into a social setting by stepping back to create space for them in a conversation group.
• Nod and smile to encourage women and those from minorities to speak up.
• Confer trust and status by walking over and leaning against a colleague’s desk while you ask for their help or opinion.
• Thank people for their contribution.
• Introduce training sessions for team members, or leaders, who are proving insensitive to the power of micro-behaviours.
• When people persist with behaviours which include micro-inequalities, hold back promotions and give feedback on the impact.

Micro-behaviours may also be tiny acts of helping someone’s career, gestures of caring, and paying careful attention. Recognise that by simply asking the opinion of your female colleague or minority team member, in a group discussion, providing support during difficult times and praising effort, leaders can exhibit micro-affirmations that raise self-esteem and social reputation.

The most appealing trait of micro-behaviour is that it’s contagious: if the leader is exhibiting micro-affirmations, others will tend to adopt similar behaviours.

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Micro-behaviours can seem difficult to tackle. Help leaders by raising awareness using some of the intervensions described  in the Head Heart Brain model but also give them strategies which they can use rather than leaving them with just an awareness of the issue.

There is a lot of evidence that awareness-raising alone leaves people uncertain, out of control and concerned about how to behave and can result in a backlash.

Interested in this topic? Read Promoting a thinking environment creates inclusion.