The working environment has changed drastically in the last ten years. Technological advances have empowered today’s workers to become increasingly global, mobile and flexible. And with more and more businesses looking to pursue an on-demand workforce to scale labour efficiently, the rise of the ‘independent worker’ in recent years has been no surprise. According to trade association, the Professional Contractors Group (PCG), freelancers represent the fastest-growing sector of the European labour market which contributed £95 billion to the UK economy in 2013.
But how has this change in the working environment impacted businesses? Consider this scenario familiar to many HR managers: a project has come up, and you have been tasked with building a team. As an HR manager, your challenge is to construct a group with the aggregate characteristics and skills needed to complete the project successfully and on-time. The project is urgent, but only short-term. It will require a technical and specialised skillset, not to mention creative problem-solving. Like any good team, the members will need to work closely together to deliver the desired outcome. You are juggling multiple projects at once, so the team needs to operate relatively autonomously and its members need to possess an internal momentum to self-motivate.
Given this challenge, what could you expect from independent workers, compared to either your high-potential employees or other employees?
Freelancers contribute to business success
At IBM’s Smarter Workforce Institute, we conducted a study of over 33,000 workers in 26 countries to understand what freelance workers bring to the workplace in comparison to regular employees and employees who have been formally identified as ‘high-potential’ employees by their organisation. The study considered a number of essential workplace factors, including engagement, job satisfaction, innovation, and collaboration. Analyses revealed that independent workers are more engaged than most employees–and can even have greater pride and satisfaction than high-potential employees.
Employee engagement is a common goal among HR professionals and business leaders, as engaged and satisfied workers perform better and help achieve the best business results. Compared to other employees, both freelancers and high-potential employees report greater satisfaction, pride, and willingness to refer friends and family to their organisation, suggesting freelancers may be on par with a company’s best workers. According to our study, freelance workers are also more innovative than most employees, though not more than high-potential employees.
Unsurprisingly, autonomy—control over when, where, and how you work—is a fundamental differentiator between independent workers and regular employees, and is also a necessary condition of an intrinsically motivated workforce. The desire for autonomy is what attracts people to freelance work, and what freelance workers enjoy most about their arrangement. But interestingly, the control that independent workers have over their work is similar to that of high-potential employees. While independent workers are likely to come by their autonomy by side-stepping organisational hierarchy, high-potential employees are likely to be given leeway by their managers who trust in their capabilities.
But independent isn’t always ideal
Our study found that contract workers demonstrate collaborative skills that are comparable to most employees, but they are less collaborative than high-potential employees. This lag in collaboration for freelancers could be due to a number of reasons. By their nature, independent workers could simply be less inclined to compromise–15% reported having sole decision-making control as the best part of their work arrangement, and just 4% cited working alone as the worst part.
Another factor to consider is that freelance workers may not be as committed as regular and high-potential employees; they are more likely to think about moving elsewhere, even when their arrangement with their current company is expected to be long-term.
The best fit for business
Ultimately organisations must decide on the best workforce for their needs, however this study does provide new insights into the freelance perspective. It would suggest that HR departments could broaden conversations about freelancers beyond cost factors. Often, discussions are had mainly in the context of talent sourcing and procurement. But these conversations could be extended to include the unique characteristics that make freelance workers valuable assets. In short, they may not only be a flexible and cost-effective resource, they may also be inherently engaged, satisfied, and innovative workers.
However, HR departments must also consider the challenges of enlisting freelancers. They are less committed, even when they are in a long-term contract. They are also less likely than high-potential employees to work with others towards common goals, share information freely, reach decisions by consensus, and resolve conflict. There may not be much that can be done about divided loyalty; having multiple clients simultaneously goes with the freelance territory. But businesses can take steps to foster collaboration, by giving them full access to information related to their projects and inviting them to project team meetings. The challenge is to strike a balance between helpful and over-involved.
Rigorous research, as presented in this study, should help HR departments make more informed decisions about workforce strategies, including how it might address the hypothetical scenario set out at the beginning of this article.
